Management and outcomes of patients with diabetic foot ulcers
during the Sudan war
Mohamed Mergani Elkhair1, Fadwa Ismail Guma Kortukala2,
Nada MohammedSalih Omer Adam3, Rabaah ALadawya Mohammed Salih
Elbasheri Gadkreem4, Balgis Elhag Ibrahim Tager5, Galeela
Abdalgader Salem6, Mohamed Mahgoub Hassan Khalifa4, Adam
Ahmed Ishag younis7, Abdulrahman Mohammed Abdulrahman Abouh1,
Sara Adam Mohammed Adam8, Marwah Abdelrahman Alasha9,
Hussain Gadelkarim Ahmed10,11.
1Department
of Surgery, El-Obeid Teaching Hospital, El-Obeid, NK, Sudan.
2Department
of Histopathology and Cytology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences,
University of Kordofan, El-Obeid, NK, Sudan.
3Department
of Dermatology, El-Obeid Teaching Hospital, El-Obeid, NK, Sudan.
4Department
of Histopathology and Cytology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences,
University of Kordofan, El-Obeid, NK, Sudan.
5Department
of Histopathology and Cytology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences,
University of West Kordofan, El-Nuhood, WK, Sudan.
6El-Obeid
Histopathology Center, NK, Sudan.
7El-Obeid
Police Hospital, El-Obeid, NK, Sudan.
8El-Obeid
International Hospital, El-Obeid, NK, Sudan.
9El-Obeid
Histopathology Center, NK, Sudan.
10Prof
Medical Research Consultancy Center, El-Obeid, NK, Sudan.
11Department
of histopathology and cytology, FMLS, University of Khartoum, Sudan.
Abstract
Background: Diabetic
foot ulcers are a serious consequence of diabetes that necessitates specialized
medical and personal care. This study intended to evaluate the care and results
of diabetic foot ulcer patients in Sudan. Methodology: This prospective
descriptive analysis comprised 64 diabetic foot ulcer patients admitted to
El-Obeid Teaching Hospital between May 2023 and May 2024. The study solely
included diabetic foot ulcer patients. Hospital records provided demographic
and clinical data. Results: Imputation was performed on 70.3% of
patients, with 64.4% males and 35.6% females. Rays' amputation was the most
common type, followed by below knee and above knee amputations, which accounted
for 65.4%, 23%, and 11.5%, respectively. Plastic surgery is indicated for 23.4%
of patients, including 21.6% of men and 26% of women. Amputation was the most
prevalent negative consequence, accounting for 28%, followed by recurrence and
persistence, accounting for 6.3% and 1.6% respectively. Out of the 18 amputated
instances, 35% were men and 18.5% were women. Of the four recurrence cases, 25%
were men and 75% were women. Conclusion: Diabetic foot ulcers are a
prevalent presentation among diabetic patients in western Sudan during the 2023
war. A large percentage of patients underwent amputations.
Keywords: Diabetic, foot
ulcer, Amputation, Sudan, plastic surgery
Correspondence
to: Dr.
Mohamed Mergani Elkhair. El-Obeid Teaching Hospital, El-Obeid, NK, Sudan. Email: merghani901@gmail.com
Cite
this article: Elkhair, et al. Medical Research Updates Journal 2024;2(3):
46-54.
Introduction
Diabetes mellitus is
becoming more common, and it frequently causes substantial metabolic illness
with serious consequences [1]. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a common condition that
raises the risk of vascular, renal, and neurological problems. T2D prevention
and treatment, as well as its consequences, are critical. Many advances in T2D
care have occurred in the last five years, including a better understanding of
the importance of early intensive glycemic control, mental health, social
determinants of health, healthy eating habits, continuous glucose monitoring,
and the benefits of some drugs in preventing cardiorenal disease [2].
Despite the successful development of many antidiabetic medications in recent
years, such as GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT-2 inhibitors, individual
variability, pathogenesis diversity, and organismal resistance are gradually
causing single-target drugs to fail to meet therapeutic needs. Therefore, we
need to conduct more research on the pathophysiology of T2DM, identify various
treatment targets, and develop new glycemic control solutions [3].
Ischemic diabetic foot ulcers are one of diabetes's most serious complications.
The high amputation rate, recurrence rate, and treatment costs have imposed a
significant burden on both patients and society [4]. Despite the established
higher risk of cardiovascular disease in people with type 2 diabetes, the
pathogenesis and effective management of diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs), a major
diabetes consequence, are complex and evolving [5].
Diabetes affects 7.7% of Sudanese adults and is anticipated to rise to 10.8% by
2035 (8). Diabetes mellitus imposes a considerable burden, resulting in
increased morbidity and mortality, lower life expectancy and quality of life,
as well as economic losses for individuals and governments. Early detection and
good treatment slow the onset and progression of problems. However, there is a
scarcity of data on diabetic foot ulcer care. As a result, the current study
sought to evaluate the therapy and outcomes of individuals with diabetic foot
ulcers in Sudan.
Materials and
Methods
This study is a
prospective descriptive study that included 64 patients with diabetic foot
ulcers who were admitted to El-Obeid Teaching Hospital due to diabetes
complications between May 2023 and May 2024. The study only included
participants who had diabetic foot ulcers. We acquired both clinical and
demographic data from the hospital records.
Informed
Consent
We asked each patient to
sign a written ethical consent.
Results
The study included 64
diabetic foot ulcer patients aged 21 to 64 years, with a mean age of 58 years.
The majority of patients were between the ages of 56 and 65 (32.8%), with 46
and 55 accounting for 30%. Of the 64 patients, 37 (58%) were men and 27 (42%)
were women. Of the 64 patients, 43 (67%) lived in urban regions, while the
remaining 21 (33%) lived in rural areas. Approximately 60 (93.8%) patients had
type 2 diabetes. Three of the four patients with type 1 diabetes were males,
and one was female, as shown in Table 1 and Figure 1.
Table 1.
Distribution of patients by demographic characteristics and diabetes type.
Variable |
Males |
Females |
Total |
Age |
|
|
|
<45 years |
5 |
4 |
9 |
46-55 |
8 |
11 |
19 |
56-65 |
14 |
7 |
21 |
66-75 |
5 |
2 |
7 |
75+ |
5 |
3 |
8 |
Total |
37 |
27 |
64 |
Residence |
|
|
|
Rural |
12 |
9 |
21 |
Urban |
25 |
18 |
43 |
Total |
37 |
27 |
64 |
Type of DM |
|
|
|
Type 1 |
3 |
1 |
4 |
Type 2 |
34 |
26 |
60 |
Total |
37 |
27 |
64 |
Figure 1
provides a description of the patients based on their demographic
characteristics and type of diabetes.
Plain X-ray data revealed
osteomyelitis in 44/64 patients (68.8%), including 29/37 (78.4%) males and
15/27 (55.6%) females. We diagnosed atherosclerosis in 26 cases, with 15/26
(58%) men and 11/26 (42%) females. Five patients (four males and one female) received
a diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis (DK). 59 patients, comprising 33 (56%)
males and 26 (44%) females, indicated the Insulin Sliding Scale (ISS). All
patients had surgical debridement. All patients received a saline-soaked gauze
(SSG) dressing with antibiotics. Table 2 and Figure 2 demonstrate the absence
of any offloading technique.
Table 2.
Patients' distribution by sex and initial management
Variable |
Males
n=37 |
Females
n=27 |
Total
n=64 |
Plain X-Ray |
|
|
|
Normal |
8 |
12 |
20 |
Osteomyelitis |
29 |
15 |
44 |
Duplex Scan |
|
|
|
Normal |
21 |
15 |
36 |
Atherosclerosis |
15 |
11 |
26 |
Swab for Culture and Sensitivity |
|
|
|
Not Done |
37 |
27 |
64 |
Initial Management |
|
|
|
Management of DKA |
4 |
1 |
5 |
Insulin Sliding Scale |
33 |
26 |
59 |
Types of Debridement |
|
|
|
Surgical |
37 |
27 |
64 |
Types of Dressing |
|
|
|
Saline-Soaked Gauze |
37 |
27 |
64 |
Use of Antibiotics |
|
|
|
Yes |
37 |
27 |
64 |
Offloading Techniques |
|
|
|
No |
37 |
27 |
64 |
Figure 2. Description of the patients
by sex and initial management
Table 3 and Figure 3 describe the patient distribution
by sex, treatment, and end outcomes. Imputation was performed on 45/64 (70.3%)
patients, with 29/45 (64.4%) men and 16/45 (35.6%) females. Rays' amputation
was the most common type, followed by below knee and above knee amputations,
which accounted for 34/52 (65.4%), 12 (23%), and 6 (11.5%), respectively.
Plastic surgery was indicated for 15/64 (23.4%) patients, 8/37 (21.6%) males,
and 7/27 (26% females). Amputation was the most prevalent adverse outcome,
accounting for 18/64 (28%), followed by recurrence and persistance, accounting
for 4 (6.3%) and 1 (1.6%), respectively. Of the 18 amputated instances, 13/37
(35%) were male and 5/27 (18.5%) were female. Of the four recurrence instances,
one (25%) was male and three (75%) were females.
Table 3. Distribution of patients by
sex, treatment and final outcomes
Variable |
Males
n=37 |
Females
n=27 |
Total
n=64 |
Amputation |
|
|
|
No |
8 |
11 |
19 |
Yes |
29 |
16 |
45 |
Type of Amputation |
|
|
|
No |
4 |
8 |
12 |
Rays |
21 |
13 |
34 |
Below Knee |
7 |
5 |
12 |
Above Knee |
5 |
1 |
6 |
Need for Plastic Surgery |
|
|
|
No |
29 |
20 |
49 |
Yes |
8 |
7 |
15 |
Plastic Surgery Type |
|
|
|
No |
29 |
19 |
48 |
Skin Graft |
8 |
7 |
15 |
Flap |
0 |
1 |
1 |
Final Outcomes |
|
|
|
Cured |
23 |
18 |
41 |
Persist |
0 |
1 |
1 |
Recurrence |
1 |
3 |
4 |
Amputation |
13 |
5 |
18 |
Figure 3. Description of the patients by sex,
treatment, and final outcomes
Discussion
The 2023 Sudan conflict
presents unforeseen obstacles in all aspects of life, including a serious
disruption to the country's health-care system. Many people with chronic
diseases perished as a result of a lack of health care or the inability to
re-learn the location of facilities. The impact is particularly severe on
individuals in the advanced stages of diabetes. Therefore, we conducted this
investigation to evaluate the treatment of patients suffering from diabetic
foot ulcers during the conflict.
68.8% of diabetic foot ulcer patients received an osteomyelitis diagnosis, with
males making up the majority. Diabetic foot osteomyelitis (DFO) is frequently
associated with lower-extremity amputations. Previous reports have reported
similar findings, indicating that males are more susceptible than females. A
previous study looked at 583 amputations in 344 patients (78 females and 266
males). Of the 583 incidents, 87.8% had DFO in the forefoot, 7.4% in the
midfoot, and 4.8% in the hindfoot. Overall, DFO performed 84.1% of the 63 major
amputations, with peripheral artery disease being the predominant indication.
Overall, DFO observed limb loss in 6.1% of the forefoot, 20.9% of the midfoot,
and 46.4% of the hindfoot. 41.5% underwent primary treatment, while 58.5% had
previously failed minor amputations. In this latter group of secondary major
amputations, the DFO was located in the forefoot (3.9%), the midfoot (0.7%),
and the hindfoot (0.7%). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, initial
hindfoot localization was a significant predictor (P <.05), while peripheral
artery disease, smoking, and a midfoot DFO were not revealed to be risk
factors. [7].
DFO can be challenging to treat, and achieving optimal clinical outcomes
necessitates a multidisciplinary strategy that includes a wide range of
medical, surgical, and other health care providers, as well as the patient [8].
When treating diabetic foot osteomyelitis (DFO), it is difficult to detect the
existence of residual infection and determine the best course of action
following bone excision. The most common infections were Staphylococcus aureus
(17%) and Pseudomonas species (14%). 62% of the patients recovered
gram-negative bacteria [9]. However, all the patients in this trial received
different types of antibiotics.
40.6% of the patients in the current study, 58% men and 42% women, had
atherosclerosis. Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a risk factor for
diabetic foot ulcers. PAD pathophysiology includes atherosclerosis and weakened
immunity [10]. PAD is associated with a poor prognosis; patients with diabetic
foot ulcers have a poor prognosis for PAD [11]. Not only does it affect a large
proportion of diabetic foot ulcer patients, but it also has a poor impact on
limb salvage [12]. Diabetes and peripheral arterial disease (PAD) are common in
developed countries, with around 50% of the population affected. Non-healing
ulcers, severe amputations, cardiovascular disease, and mortality are all
associated with PAD. Researchers project a 50% 5-year mortality rate for people
with diabetes, foot ulcers, and PAD [13].
In this study, Ray's amputation was the most common type of amputation,
followed by below the knee amputation. A ray entails the removal of the toe and
a portion of the metatarsal, leaving a stump [14].
In the current study, 35.5% of patients underwent plastic surgery. Plastic
surgeons have the capacity to improve healing through soft tissue manipulation
while following a reconstruction algorithm to control and salvage diabetic foot
ulcers. Plastic surgeons may play an important role in limb salvage. Autologous
skin grafts are one of the most popular ways that plastic surgeons offer
coverage. Plastic surgeons can use the skin as complete or partial-thickness
grafts, but they require a well-vascularized, bacterial-free recipient bed.
Lower extremity problems remain one of the most common reasons for
hospitalization in diabetes patients. An experienced plastic surgical team can
perform soft tissue repair to help retain as much of the residual limb as possible.
In rare circumstances, it may be possible to save the foot rather than have it
amputated completely [15].
The current study's findings revealed that the majority of patients (64%)
developed treated ulcers. However, 28% underwent an amputation. According to
new data, total amputation rates have climbed by up to 50% in some locations in
recent years, following a lengthy period of reduction, particularly among young
people and racial and ethnic minorities. DFU is a common and serious
consequence of diabetes. We are well aware of the road to ulceration, which
includes loss of feeling, ischemia, and mild trauma [16]. Diabetes
significantly increases the risk of lower-extremity amputations (LEAs), with
relative risk estimates ranging from 7.4 to 41.3 in those with and without
diabetes. Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) continue to be the most common cause of
LEA, accounting for around 80% of cases and resulting in amputation in 15%
[17].
In conclusion, diabetic foot ulcers are a common presentation for diabetic
patients in western Sudan during the 2023 conflict. A large percentage of
patients underwent amputations.
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to thank the patients for their acceptance of
participation in this study.
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